Lec 18: Gauge Freedom and Polarization
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5
Tuit catalog
Synthesis notes of video analyses, assessed and condensed, in French and English.
50,424 tuit
·
938 channels
·
42 domains
·
Last update: Oct 17, 2026
Agriculture & Food
147
AI — Models & Research
4246
AI — News & Applications
1990
AI & Society
1054
Archaeology
135
Arts & Architecture
1405
Astronomy & Cosmology
3621
Biology
2038
Chemistry
334
Climate & Ecology
985
Computing & Cybersecurity
3850
Control & Robotics
359
Earth Sciences & Geography
281
Economics & Finance
3470
Education
731
Energy
1378
Engineering & Technology
3167
Foresight & Science Fiction
344
Geopolitics & Defence
545
History
724
Hobbies & Practical
346
Language & Linguistics
309
Law & Justice
568
Literature & Writing
893
Mathematics
2232
Media & Information
290
Medicine & Health
2977
Neuroscience
422
Paleontology
92
Personal Development
880
Philosophy & Ethics
844
Physics
3370
Politics & Institutions
674
Psychology
579
Religion & Beliefs
243
Science — General & History
1717
Society & Culture
1065
Space Exploration
898
Sports
86
Transport & Mobility
159
Urban Planning & Mobility
91
Video Games
885
VSC
Advice on careers and achieving success
81
TRP
Aerospace and aviation technology
876
PBF
Algebra
254
PBMW
Algebraic geometry
154
PBPD
Algebraic topology
64
UMB
Algorithms and data structures
69
KNBT
Alternative and renewable energy industries
131
THV
Alternative and renewable energy sources and technology
163
MKJD
Alzheimer’s, dementia, Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases
66
QDHA
Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy
49
NHC
Ancient history
32
JBFU
Animals and society
22
TTB
Applied optics
38
NKDS
Archaeological sites
32
NK
Archaeology
43
NKD
Archaeology by period
29
AM
Architecture
32
UYQD
Artificial general intelligence (AGI)
48
UYQ
Artificial intelligence (AI)
1989
LNQH
Artificial intelligence law and regulations
20
VSPM
Assertiveness, motivation, self-esteem and positive mental attitude
345
TTDS
Astronautics
988
PGG
Astronomical observation: observatories, equipment and methods
112
PG
Astronomy, space and time
911
PHVB
Astrophysics
120
PHM
Atomic and molecular physics
74
MKJA
Autism Spectrum Disorder
20
TJFM
Automatic control engineering
70
TRC
Automotive technology and trades
20
TRPS
Aviation skills and piloting
22
KFFK
Banking
23
THYB
Battery technology
149
PBTB
Bayesian inference
31
PSB
Biochemistry
303
RNCB
Biodiversity
33
PSAD
Bioethics
37
DNBH
Biography: historical, political and military
81
DNBM
Biography: philosophy and social sciences
20
DNBR
Biography: royalty
26
DNBT
Biography: science, technology and medicine
61
DNBL
Biography: writers
39
PS
Biology, life sciences
25
MQW
Biomedical engineering
23
PHVN
Biophysics
26
TCB
Biotechnology
59
TNK
Building construction and materials
22
KJ
Business and Management
54
KJJ
Business and the environment; sustainable approaches to business
40
KJD
Business innovation
32
KJC
Business strategy
32
PBKA
Calculus
42
PBK
Calculus and mathematical analysis
60
MJD
Cardiovascular medicine
31
JNR
Careers guidance
34
PSAN1
Cellular and molecular neuroscience
21
PSF
Cellular biology (cytology)
123
JPQB
Central
54
PN
Chemistry
27
MJCL2
Chemotherapy
26
JMC
Child, developmental and lifespan psychology
24
AMVD
City and town planning: architectural aspects
30
NHWR3
Civil wars
20
PHD
Classical mechanics
195
RNPG
Climate change
217
RBPC
Climatology and climate modelling
33
MBGR1
Clinical trials
22
UTC
Cloud computing
24
GPJ
Coding theory and cryptology
39
JMR
Cognition and cognitive psychology
123
PSAN5
Cognitive and behavioural neuroscience
241
GTK
Cognitive studies
39
PBV
Combinatorics and graph theory
52
GTC
Communication studies
34
TJK
Communications engineering
35
DSM
Comparative literature
23
LNCH
Competition law
28
PBKD
Complex analysis, complex variables
60
PSAX
Computational biology
89
KNTV
Computer and video game industry
199
UYF
Computer architecture and logic design
112
URH
Computer fraud and hacking
261
UDX
Computer games
611
UGG
Computer games design
234
UYM
Computer modelling and simulation
23
UT
Computer networking and communications
25
UY
Computer science
60
UR
Computer security
701
URJ
Computer viruses, Trojans and worms
29
UYQV
Computer vision
118
PHFC
Condensed matter physics (liquid state and solid state physics)
131
RNKH
Conservation of wildlife and habitats
22
JBGX
Conspiracy theories
51
LNDX
Constitution
32
JPZ
Corruption in politics, government and society
30
PGK
Cosmology and the universe
1022
CBV
Creative writing and creative writing guides
20
JKVF
Criminal investigation and detection
39
GPH
Data science and analysis
36
GTS
Decolonisation of knowledge
48
KCM
Development economics and emerging economies
64
GTP
Development studies
38
PSC
Developmental biology
36
MBNH3
Dietetics and nutrition
26
PBMP
Differential and Riemannian geometry
40
PBKJ
Differential calculus and equations
95
UBJ
Digital and information technologies: social and ethical aspects
1048
UB
Digital and Information technology: general topics
34
UXA
Digital Humanities
46
KCVM
Digital or internet economics
41
WNA
Dinosaurs and the prehistoric world: general interest
71
JPSD
Diplomacy
33
JBFM
Disability: social aspects
24
JBCT5
Disinformation and misinformation
72
ATFR
Documentary films
23
RNFD
Drought and water supply
23
PHDT
Dynamics and statics
81
QDHC
East Asian and Indian philosophy
28
PSAF
Ecological science, the Biosphere
35
KCX
Economic and financial crises and disasters
34
KCA
Economic theory and philosophy
35
KC
Economics
21
JN
Education
23
JNDH
Education: examinations and assessment
30
JNK
Educational administration and organization
20
JNV
Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
73
JNC
Educational psychology
27
JNF
Educational strategies and policy
24
JPHF
Elections and referenda
37
TRV
Electric vehicles
62
THR
Electrical engineering
62
KNBL
Electrical power generation and distribution industries
267
PHK
Electricity, electromagnetism and magnetism
267
TJFD
Electronic devices and materials
210
TJFC
Electronics: circuits and components
176
PHDB
Elementary mechanics
36
VSPQ
Emotions and emotional intelligence
23
MJG
Endocrinology
24
PHDY
Energy
24
LNCR
Energy and natural resources law
39
THYC
Energy efficiency
59
KNB
Energy industries and utilities
217
RNFY
Energy resources
53
THY
Energy, power generation, distribution and storage
364
TGMB
Engineering thermodynamics
23
TGMF
Engineering: Mechanics of fluids
22
TGMD
Engineering: Mechanics of solids
24
UFL
Enterprise software
54
KJH
Entrepreneurship
137
KCVG
Environmental economics
102
MBNH2
Environmental factors
50
RND
Environmental policy and protocols
195
RNA
Environmentalist thought and ideology
80
MBNS
Epidemiology and Medical statistics
116
SXE
eSports
24
QDTQ
Ethics and moral philosophy
51
PSVP
Ethology and animal behaviour
34
PBMH
Euclidean geometry
43
NHD
European history
26
PSAJ
Evolution
167
PSXE
Evolutionary anthropology
90
UYQE
Expert systems
27
ATFG
Film guides and reviews
102
ATFA
Film history, theory or criticism
41
ATFN
Film: styles and genres
342
KFF
Finance and the finance industry
36
KFFF
Financial technology (fintech)
34
RNFF
Food security and supply
34
PBKF
Functional analysis and transforms
29
PGM
Galaxies and stars
318
UMK
Games development and programming
42
JBSF
Gender studies, gender groups
25
JBSF1
Gender studies: women and girls
88
MKZV
Gene therapy
38
GTZ
General studies and General knowledge
28
UYQF
Generative artificial intelligence
2305
TCBG
Genetic engineering
49
PSAK
Genetics (non-medical)
639
RBG
Geology, geomorphology and the lithosphere
26
PBM
Geometry
20
PHVG
Geophysics
36
JPSL
Geopolitics
300
THVG
Geothermal energy and power
35
PHDV
Gravity
33
KFFS
Green finance
56
PBG
Groups and group theory
104
MJF
Haematology
20
MBP
Health systems and services
37
JBFN
Health, illness or addiction: social aspects
23
VFMD
Health: Diets and nutrition
21
MJJ
Hepatology
40
JNM
Higher education, tertiary education
230
RBGF
Historical geology and palaeogeology
49
NHAH
Historiography
34
NH
History
39
AGA
History of art
40
UBB
History of Computing, digital and information technologies
49
TBX
History of engineering and technology
26
JBCC9
History of ideas
20
PBX
History of mathematics
32
NHQ
History of other geographical groupings and regions or specific cultures
25
PDX
History of science
151
KJZ
History of specific companies
25
NHK
History of the Americas
54
NHT
History: specific events and topics
26
JBFD
Housing and homelessness
21
PSX
Human biology
25
JPVH
Human rights, civil rights
41
THD
Hydrogen technologies
56
THVH
Hydropower
22
TTBM
Imaging systems and technology
23
MJCM
Immunology
96
PDR
Impact of science and technology on society
122
AMB
Individual architects and architectural firms
32
AGB
Individual artists, art monographs
34
ATFB
Individual film directors, film-makers
30
PDG
Industrial applications of scientific research and technological innovation
48
MJCJ
Infectious and contagious diseases
54
KNTX
Information technology industries
291
JWD
Information warfare
30
GTV
Institutions and learned societies: general
32
PBKL
Integral calculus and equations
26
JPSN
International institutions
25
JPS
International relations
24
KCLT
International trade and commerce
51
ATN
Internet and digital media: arts and performance
50
UBW
Internet: general works
40
JMHC
Interpersonal communication and skills
23
DNPB
Interviews
38
KFFM
Investment and securities
136
KJMV3
IT and information systems management
40
VSCB
Job hunting
20
KCF
Labour
88
PHJL
Laser physics
48
TTBL
Laser technology and holography
22
PSA
Life sciences: general issues
22
DSRC
Literary companions, book reviews and guides
32
DSBB
Literary studies: ancient, classical and medieval
23
DSK
Literary studies: fiction, novelists and prose writers
72
DSC
Literary studies: poetry and poets
50
DSA
Literary theory
28
UYQM
Machine learning
1157
KCB
Macroeconomics
23
KJMB
Management: leadership and motivation
53
PSPM
Marine biology
21
NHTM
Maritime history
32
TGM
Materials science
45
MKCM
Materno-foetal medicine
41
PHU
Mathematical
158
PBCD
Mathematical logic
105
PBWH
Mathematical modelling
51
UYA
Mathematical theory of computation
221
PB
Mathematics
160
MFKH3
Maturation and ageing
64
JBCT
Media studies
26
JBCT1
Media studies: internet, digital media and society
65
JBCT4
Media studies: journalism
86
MBPM
Medical administration and management
21
MBF
Medical and health informatics
60
MFN
Medical genetics
166
MKS
Medical imaging
20
MBGL
Medical laboratory testing and techniques
20
PHVD
Medical physics
20
MBGR
Medical research
53
RBPM
Meteorology
29
PSG
Microbiology (non-medical)
56
JBFH
Migration, immigration and emigration
31
JWK
Military and defence strategy
41
NHWR9
Military history: post-WW2 conflicts
20
UMS
Mobile and handheld device programming
22
PSD
Molecular biology
168
KCBM
Monetary economics
78
GLZ
Museology and heritage studies
49
TBN
Nanotechnology
26
UYX
Natural computing
879
RNR
Natural disasters
26
UYQL
Natural language and machine translation
146
WN
Nature and the natural world: general interest
47
UTN
Network security
60
UTP
Networking standards and protocols
26
UYQN
Neural networks and fuzzy systems
434
MKJ
Neurology and clinical neurophysiology
55
PSAN
Neurosciences
116
KNTP2
News media and journalism
22
PNRL
Nuclear chemistry, photochemistry and radiation
26
RNQ
Nuclear issues
29
MKR
Nuclear medicine
66
PHN
Nuclear physics
110
THK
Nuclear power and engineering
198
PBH
Number theory
188
PBKS
Numerical analysis
40
MQC
Nursing
21
MQCA
Nursing fundamentals and skills
38
RBKC
Oceanography (seas and oceans)
50
MJCL
Oncology
129
KJSG
Online marketing
27
PHJ
Optical physics
158
PBU
Optimization
31
TTMW
Ordnance, weapons technology
21
PNN
Organic chemistry
65
RBX
Palaeontology
92
MKB
Palliative medicine
35
UYFP
Parallel processing
27
PHP
Particle and high-energy physics
135
GTU
Peace studies and conflict resolution
40
MBNH
Personal and public health
22
VSB
Personal finance
50
KJMV2
Personnel and human resources management
32
KNBP
Petroleum, oil and gas industries
91
MKG
Pharmacology
64
QD
Philosophy
46
JNA
Philosophy and theory of education
33
PBB
Philosophy of mathematics
31
QDTM
Philosophy of mind
75
PDA
Philosophy of science
150
QDTK
Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge
124
QDTL
Philosophy: logic
47
QDTJ
Philosophy: metaphysics and ontology
42
PNR
Physical chemistry
68
PH
Physics
186
PHDF
Physics: Fluid mechanics
51
JMM
Physiological psychology, neuropsychology, biopsychology
25
MFG
Physiology
51
PSTB
Plant biology
30
PHFP
Plasma physics
33
KCP
Political economy
115
WHB
Political humour
20
JPHL
Political leaders and leadership
43
JPA
Political science and theory
27
JPH
Political structure and processes
20
JPHV
Political structures
45
JP
Politics and government
65
RNP
Pollution and threats to the environment
34
PDZM
Popular and recreational mathematics
82
WNX
Popular astronomy and space
799
VFD
Popular medicine and health
21
QDXB
Popular philosophy: Meaning of life
26
VSP
Popular psychology
197
PDZ
Popular science
426
JPWG
Pressure groups, protest movements and non-violent action
29
URD
Privacy and data protection
35
PBT
Probability and statistics
246
TDCX
Process engineering technology and techniques
21
TGP
Production and industrial engineering
40
UMX
Programming and scripting languages: general
106
UMA
Programming techniques
35
JMAF
Psychoanalytical and Freudian psychology
23
JMA
Psychological theory, systems, schools and viewpoints
24
JM
Psychology
67
JMQ
Psychology: emotions
27
JMT
Psychology: states of consciousness
35
JMS
Psychology: the self, ego, identity, personality
22
MKGW
Psychopharmacology
38
JPP
Public administration
36
KFFD
Public finance and taxation
44
MBN
Public health and preventive medicine
65
GPSD
Quantitative research methods
20
PHQ
Quantum physics (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory)
927
JBFA1
Racism and racial discrimination
29
PBKB
Real analysis, real variables
40
MFGG
Regional physiology
25
PHR
Relativity physics
320
QRAM2
Religion and politics
22
QRAM3
Religion and science
26
DNP
Reportage, journalism or collected columns
70
GPS
Research methods
98
NHTV
Revolutions, uprisings, rebellions
20
TJFM1
Robotics
289
KJS
Sales and marketing
42
KJMV7
Sales and marketing management
44
UFLS
SAP (Systems, applications and products in databases)
24
FLU
Science fiction: aliens
77
FLW
Science fiction: space exploration
200
FLS
Science fiction: space opera
35
PDK
Science funding and policy
66
PD
Science: general issues
54
PDM
Scientific research
51
NHWR7
Second World War
49
VS
Self-help, personal development and practical advice
26
CFG
Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics
32
GTD
Semiotics
64
PSAN4
Sensory and motor systems
22
PBCH
Set theory
20
TJKH
Signal processing
34
NHTS
Slavery, enslaved persons and abolition of slavery
28
NHTB
Social and cultural history
72
JBF
Social and ethical issues
33
QDTS
Social and political philosophy
81
JBFX
Social attitudes
20
JBFZ
Social forecasting, future studies
32
RNT
Social impact of environmental issues
41
JMH
Social, group or collective psychology
66
CFB
Sociolinguistics
38
UMZ
Software Engineering
75
UMZT
Software testing and verification
28
THVS
Solar power
185
PGS
Solar system: the Sun and planets
326
TTDX
Space exploration
542
TTD
Space science
278
CBP
Speaking in public: advice and guides
23
DNS
Speeches
42
PHS
Statistical physics
53
PBWL
Stochastics
43
RNU
Sustainability
55
TVF
Sustainable agriculture
22
JNU
Teaching of a specific subject
30
ATJ
Television
41
ATJS
Television: styles and genres
20
ATD
Theatre studies
26
PGC
Theoretical and mathematical astronomy
75
AMA
Theory of architecture
24
ABA
Theory of art
49
PHH
Thermodynamics and heat
33
PGZ
Time (chronology), time systems and standards
46
PBP
Topology
29
RPT
Transport planning and policy
21
RPC
Urban and municipal planning and policy
62
MBNK
Vaccination
30
RBC
Volcanology and seismology
35
PHDS
Wave mechanics (vibration and acoustics)
42
UGB
Web graphics and design
24
UMW
Web programming
72
THVW
Wind power
28
CBW
Writing and editing guides
27
PSV
Zoology and animal sciences
22
Lec 17: Classical Electromagnetism
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5
La PREUVE que la LUMIÈRE vit HORS du TEMPS (et ce que ça change)
The PROOF that LIGHT exists OUTSIDE of TIME (and why it matters)
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5
La Chine Vend Un Robot Ouvrier Humanoïde Au Prix D'Une Voiture D'Occasion
China Sells a Humanoid Worker Robot at the Price of a Used Car
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5
La 1e heure de Deer & Boy, une aventure poignante... et je suis dans les crédits !
The 1st hour of Deer & Boy, a poignant adventure... and I'm in the credits!
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5
L'ACTU GAMING ACCÉLÈRE 😯 Conférence Gaming
GAMING NEWS IS HEATING UP 😯 Gaming Conference
★
★
★
☆
☆
3/5
House of the Dragon S3E08 live discussion
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5
HINDI UNIVERSITY ORGANIZES DRUG-FREE INDIA CAMPAIGN.
★
★
☆
☆
☆
2/5
Encuentro de investigadores del proyecto CAPES-AUGM
Meeting of researchers of the CAPES-AUGM project
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5
El espejo del planeta | Camilo José González | TEDxUniversidad El Bosque
The Planet's Mirror | Camilo José González | TEDxUniversidad El Bosque
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5
El 85% del universo es invisible y no sabemos qué es | Doctor Fisión, divulgador científico.
85% of the universe is invisible and we don't know what it is | Doctor Fisión, science communicator.
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5
Carisma Digital | Mônica Salgado | TEDxSão José do Rio Preto Women
Digital Charisma | Mônica Salgado | TEDxSão José do Rio Preto Women
★
★
★
☆
☆
3/5
Cabinet d'avocat : L'intelligence artificielle va devenir incontournable
Law Firm: Artificial intelligence is set to become essential
★
★
★
☆
☆
3/5
Build & Sell AI SaaS Products (2 HOUR COURSE)
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5
AI Just Caught Science Lying (This Is Bad)
★
★
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★
☆
4/5
A Estética Da Força: Eu Dou Conta De Tudo | Tábata Poline | TEDxSão José do Rio Preto Women
The Aesthetics of Strength: I Can Handle Everything | Tábata Poline | TEDxSão José do Rio Preto Women
★
★
★
★
☆
4/5